a) Define Hardness of water. Explain the various units of hardness and their inter-relationship. Why is EDTA method preferred over other methods for hardness determination? (Unit 1)

b) Explain the principle of EDTA titration. Calculate the total hardness (in ppm) of a water sample containing: $Ca(HCO_3)_2$ = 16.2 mg/L, $Mg(HCO_3)_2$ = 7.3 mg/L, $MgCl_2$ = 9.5 mg/L and $CaSO_4$ = 13.6 mg/L. (Unit 1)

a) Compare Zeolite and Ion-Exchange processes for water softening. Discuss why Ion-Exchange is superior for high-pressure boilers. (Unit 2)

b) What is Desalination? Describe the Reverse Osmosis (RO) process with a neat labeled diagram. State its industrial applications. (Unit 1)

a) What is periodic table? Write trends of following in a group and in a period giving suitable reasons: (Unit 7)

(i) electronegativity

(ii) electron affinity

(iii) atomic size

b) Write brief note on (any two) : (Unit 7)

(i) Effective nuclear charge

(ii) Polarizability

(iii) Oxidation states

a) Discuss the mechanism of Addition and Condensation polymerization with one example each. Define "Functionality" of a monomer. (Unit 4)

b) Write the synthesis, properties and engineering uses of: (Unit 4)

(i) Bakelite

(ii) PMMA

(iii) Neoprene

a) Define Lubrication. Explain the mechanism of Extreme Pressure Lubrication. Which type of lubricants are used for heavy-duty machinery? (Unit 3)

b) Discuss the importance of Viscosity Index. How does it affect the performance of an engine oil in varying temperatures? (Unit 3)

a) State the selection rules for IR Spectroscopy. Explain why some molecules are "IR Active" and some are not. Describe the various types of molecular vibrations. (Unit 6)

b) Explain the principle of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). How is the $R_f$ value calculated and what does it indicate? (Unit 6)

a) Explain the "Differential Aeration Theory" of corrosion with the help of Pitting Corrosion example. Why do iron nails rust faster in saline water? (Unit 5)

b) What is Sacrificial Anodic Protection? How is it used to protect underground pipelines? Compare it with Impressed Current Cathodic Protection. (Unit 5)

a) Explain the chemical reactions involved in the Lime-Soda process. Why is a small amount of coagulant (like Alum) often added during this process? (Unit 2)

b) What is lime-soda process? Calculate the requirement of Lime (80% pure) and Soda (90% pure) for treatment of 1,00,000 liters of water containing: $Ca(HCO_3)_2$ = 40.5 ppm, $Mg(HCO_3)_2$ = 36.5 ppm, $MgSO_4$ = 30 ppm and $CaCl_2$ = 22.2 ppm. (Unit 2)