a) Explain the formation and composition of scales in boilers. How are they different from sludge? What are bad affects?

b) A water sample contains the following impurities per liter:
$CaCl_2= 222$ mg; $Mg(HCO_3)_2= 73$ mg; $CaSO_4 = 6.8$ mg, $NaCl = 58.5$ mg, $Ca(NO_3)_2= 162$ mg and $MgSO_4 = 73$ mg. The sample of lime available is 74% pure and soda is 90% pure. 20% excess chemicals have to be added. Calculate the amount lime and soda required for the treatment of 10000 liters of water.

a) Explain the effect of any 8 (eight) alloying element in alloy steel with details.

b) Explain feed mechanism used in a drilling machine.

a) Explain the process of Pitot tube for velocity measurement of a Fluid with neat sketch.

b) Explain the method of using Slip Gauge with the neat sketch.

a) The dynamic viscosity of lubricating oil used between shaft and sleeve is 10 poise. The diameter of the shaft, which rotates at 200 rpm, is 0.5 m. The sleeve length is 100 mm. Calculate the power lost if the thickness of oil film is 2 mm?

b) What is a draft tube? Why is it used in a reaction turbine? Describe with a neat sketch?

a) Explain the working and construction of Pelton wheel turbine with neat sketch.

b) Prove that work and heat are the path function.

a) Explain the working of Cochran boiler and fusible plug with neat sketches.

b) Derive an expression for the first law of thermodynamics applied to a closed system. Define the internal energy of a system.

a) Explain the structure and working of four-stroke diesel engine with a neat sketch?

b) Explain the working principle of the centrifugal compressor.

i) Eutectic point

ii) Flash point & Fire point

iii) Caustic Embrittlement

iv) Polarizability