a) Differentiate between hard water and soft water. What is meant by hardness of water? Write various units to express hardness of water giving their relationship.

b) Discuss the following terms:

i) Blow down process

ii) Carry over

a) What are sludge and scale in boilers? How are they formed? Suggest any two methods to prevent their formation.

b) How is water softened by Ion exchange method? Explain in details with a neat diagram.

a) What is Lubrication? Give classification of lubricants.

b) Discuss following properties of lubricant. Giving their significance.

i) Viscosity index

ii) Pour point and cloud point

a) Illustrate free radical mechanism of polymer.

b) Explain about Biodegradable polymers with suitable example.

a) Explain water line corrosion and galvanic corrosion.

b) What is oxidation corrosion and how does it take place? Describe the mechanism of oxidation corrosion.

What is Spectroscopy? Describe about IR spectroscopy by giving principle, instrumentation and applications.

What is Periodic Table? Write trends of following in a group and in a period giving suitable reason:

i) Electro negativity

ii) Atomic size

iii) Electron affinity

i) Phase diagram of single component systems

ii) Vulcanized rubber

iii) Electronic shifts

iv) Oxidation states