a) Define Hardness? Explain the Brinell Hardness test method in details?

b) Define the following mechanical properties:

i) Strength

ii) Ductility

a) A mild steel specimen with an original diameter of 10 mm and a gauge length of 50 mm was found to have an ultimate load of 60 kN and breaking load of 40 kN. The gauge length at rupture was 55 mm and diameter at rupture cross-section was 8 mm. Determine:

i) The ultimate stress

ii) Breaking stress

iii) True breaking stress

iv) Percentage elongation

b) With a neat sketch, explain the following lathe operations:

i) Facing

ii) Knurling

a) Discuss the application vernier caliper and its method of measurement.

b) Explain the method of using Sine Bar with neat sketch.

a) The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 30 cm and 20 cm at two sections 1 and 2, respectively. The rate of flow through the pipe is 80 liters/sec. Section 1 is 8 m above the datum and section 2 is 5 m above the datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 4 bar, find the intensity of pressure at section 2.

b) What is priming? Why is it required in a centrifugal pump?

a) Explain the working and construction of single acting reciprocating pump with neat sketch?

b) Discuss the concept of thermal equilibrium and state zeroth law of thermodynamics?

a) Explain the construction and working of Babcock and Wilcox boiler with a neat sketch.

b) State the Kelvin-Planck and the Clausius statements of the second law of thermodynamics. Explain the equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements.

a) Explain the structure and working of four-stroke petrol engine with a neat sketch.

b) Write short notes on surging, choking and stalling.

a) Hooks law and modulus of elasticity

b) Micrometer

c) Newton's law of viscosity

d) Natural and artificial draught