a) What is the necessity of Alloying? What are alloy steels, and how do they differ from carbon steels?

b) What is the purpose of hardness testing in materials and how it is performed?

a) Write in detail classification of cast irons along their applications.

b) Explain the working principles of Drilling machine and different parts of it indicating with line diagram.

a) Give in detail the flow chart followed in preparation of sand casting.

b) Write short notes on:

i) Vernier caliper

ii) Micrometer

iii) Dial gauge

a) Explain how hydraulic turbines convert fluid energy into mechanical energy. Discuss the types of hydraulic turbines and their applications.

b) Define and distinguish between:

i) Uniform flow and non-uniform flow

ii) Laminar and turbulent flow

iii) Newtonian and Non-Newtonian flow

a) State Newton's law of viscosity and explain its significance. Describe how viscosity is related to shear stress and shear rate in Newtonian fluids.

b) Differentiate between boiler mountings and accessories. Discuss the role of boiler accessories in enhancing efficiency and safety in boiler systems.

a) Define thermodynamic system and explain open, close and isolated systems.

b) What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state, and how does it relate to the conservation of energy?

a) With a neat sketch, explain the working of Diesel and derive the expression for thermal efficiency.

b) Write about the various processes involved in Dual cycle with P-V and T-S diagrams.

a) Explain the working of a 4 stroke diesel engine with neat sketch.

b) Explain in detail Classification of engineering material along their applications.