a) Explain the concept of energy systems and discuss major energy resources. (Unit 1)

b) Discuss sustainability and environmental trade-offs of fossil fuel-based energy systems. (Unit 1)

a) Describe renewable energy alternatives to fossil fuels with examples. (Unit 1)

b) Explain energy storage technologies such as pumped storage and high-efficiency batteries. (Unit 1)

a) Define an ecosystem and explain its structure and functions. (Unit 2)

b) Describe energy flow and ecological pyramids in an ecosystem. (Unit 2)

a) Explain forest and grassland ecosystems highlighting their characteristics. (Unit 2)

b) Discuss aquatic ecosystems with reference to ponds and oceans. (Unit 2)

a) Define biodiversity and explain its different levels. (Unit 3)

b) Discuss India as a mega-diversity nation and biodiversity hotspots. (Unit 3)

a) What are the major threats to biodiversity in India? (Unit 3)

b) Explain in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods. (Unit 3)

a) Define environmental pollution and discuss causes and effects of air and water pollution. (Unit 4)

b) Explain solid waste management and the role of individuals in pollution prevention. (Unit 4)

a) Discuss climate change and global warming with suitable examples. (Unit 5)

b) Explain major environmental protection acts in India and public awareness. (Unit 5)