a) Describe the different stages involved in the extraction, processing and utilization of coal as a fossil fuel. (Unit 1)

b) What are the environmental impacts associated with each stage. Discuss. (Unit 1)

a) Compare and contrast the different types of hydro energy technology and also discuss their applications, advantages and limitations. (Unit 1)

b) Illustrate the concept of energy sustainability and its relationship with environmental, social and economic development. (Unit 1)

a) Describe the structure and function of a forest ecosystem, including the role of producers, consumers and decomposers. (Unit 2)

b) How does the human activities impact forest ecosystems and mention its consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services. (Unit 2)

a) Explain in brief about the energy flow and nutrient cycling in an aquatic ecosystem. (Unit 2)

b) Mention the importance of community involvement in biodiversity conservation efforts in India. (Unit 3)

a) Explain the concept of hotspots of biodiversity. Describe the different hotspots of biodiversity in India. (Unit 3)

b) Describe the role of India in global biodiversity conservation efforts. (Unit 3)

a) Describe the causes, effects and control measures of air pollution in urban areas. How can individuals contribute to reducing air pollution? (Unit 4)

b) Explain in brief about the government's responsibilities in mitigating the air pollution issue in urban area. (Unit 4)

a) Discuss the impact of urbanization on the environment. (Unit 5)

b) Describe the different strategies for mitigating the environmental impacts of urbanization. (Unit 5)

Explain in brief any two of the following.

a) Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (Unit 5)

b) Rainwater harvesting (Unit 5)

c) Genetic Diversity (Unit 3)

d) Hydrogen energy (Unit 1)