a) Explain the architecture of DBMS and describe the main components. (Unit 1)

b) Differentiate between DBMS and traditional file systems. Explain how DBMS offers data independence with examples. (Unit 1)

a) Draw and explain an ER diagram for a Hospital Management System with entities like Patients, Doctors and Appointments, including relationships and constraints. (Unit 1)

b) Describe different types of relational keys. What is the importance of primary and candidate keys in relational databases? (Unit 2)

a) Write SQL queries to perform the following tasks on a student database:
i) Retrieve all students who scored above 85 in Mathematics.
ii) Find the names of students who are enrolled in both Math and Science courses. (Unit 2)

b) Define triggers in SQL. Write a trigger that updates the total order amount in an "Orders" table whenever a new order is added in an "OrderItems" table. (Unit 2)

a) Define functional dependencies with examples. Explain the importance of functional dependencies in achieving database normalization. (Unit 3)

b) Normalize the following relation to 2NF and 3NF:
Employee(SSN, EmpName, DeptID, DeptName, DeptLocation, ProjectID, ProjectName) (Unit 3)

a) Define deadlock in the context of databases. Describe one technique each for deadlock prevention, detection and resolution. (Unit 4)

b) Discuss two-phase locking protocol. Explain its role in maintaining serializability in concurrent transactions. (Unit 4)

a) Differentiate between serial and non-serial schedules. Test if the following schedule is serializable or not:
T1: R(X), W(X), R(Y), W(Y)
T2: R(X), R(Y), W(Y)
T3: R(Y), W(X) (Unit 4)

b) Explain the purpose of indexing in database. How does a primary index differ from a clustering index? (Unit 5)

a) Describe the different phases of query processing in DBMS. How does query optimization contribute to the efficiency of database systems? (Unit 5)

b) Given a database of student records, explain how a hash function can be used for quick data retrieval. (Unit 5)

Write short notes on (any two):

i) Relational integrity constraints and their importance in databases (Unit 2)

ii) Entity-Relationship (ER) model (Unit 1)

iii) Lossless Join and Dependency Preserving Decomposition (Unit 3)

iv) Serializability and its types (Unit 4)