Q.1) What is the principle of EDTA method? Explain the estimation of total hardness of water by complexometric method. (Nov-2022)

Q.2) Calculate the total hardness of a water sample which shows following analysis :
$Ca(HCO_3)_2 = 4.86$ mg/L; $Mg(HCO_3)_2 = 5.84$ mg/L; $CaSO_4 = 6.8$ mg/L and $MgSO_4 = 8.4$ mg/L. (Nov-2022)

Q.3) How is portable water disinfected by ozonation? (Nov-2022)

Q.4) 100 ml of a water sample required 18 ml of standard EDTA solution. 20 ml of standard $CaCO_3$ (15g/L) solution required 25 ml of EDTA solution. 100 ml of the sample after boiling required 12 ml of EDTA solution. Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of the sample. (Dec-2023)

Q.5) Write brief note on: Alkalinity. (Dec-2023, Dec-2024)

Q.6) Differentiate between hard water and soft water. What is meant by hardness of water? Write various units to express hardness of water giving their relationship. (June-2024)

Q.7) What is Temporary and Permanent hardness water, How it is differentiate? Give suitable examples. (Dec-2024)

Q.8) 100 ml water sample required 20 ml of N/50 $H_2SO_4$ for neutralisation to Phenolphthalein end point. After Methyl Orange was added to this and further acid required was 2.5 ml. Calculate the alkalinity type and extent in terms of $CaCO_3$ equivalent. (June-2025)

Q.1) Define Alkalinity. What are the ions responsible for alkalinity in water? How is it determined? (Predicted)

Q.2) Explain the EDTA method for the determination of hardness of water with chemical reactions. (Predicted)

Q.3) A water sample contains 204 mg of $CaSO_4$ per liter. Calculate the hardness in terms of $CaCO_3$ equivalents. (Predicted)

Q.4) Differentiate between temporary and permanent hardness. List the salts responsible for each. (Predicted)

Q.5) Discuss the various units of hardness ($ppm$, degree Clark, degree French) and the relationship between them. (Predicted)

Q.1) What is Caustic embrittlement? How do you prevent it? (Nov-2022, Dec-2023, June-2023, June-2025)

Q.2) Describe about the following: i) Zeolite process ii) ion-exchange process with neat diagram. (Nov-2022)

Q.3) Discuss the zeolite process for softening of water. (Dec-2023)

Q.4) How is water softened by the lime-soda process? What are its advantages? (Dec-2023)

Q.5) Give a detailed account on Boiler corrosion. (Dec-2023, June-2025)

Q.6) Write brief note on: Scales and sludge's. (Dec-2023, Dec-2024, June-2025)

Q.7) Explain the formation and composition of scales in boilers. How are they different from sludge? What are bad affects? (June-2023, June-2024)

Q.8) A water sample contains the following impurities per liter: $CaCl_2= 222$ mg; $Mg(HCO_3)_2= 73$ mg; $CaSO_4 = 6.8$ mg, $NaCl = 58.5$ mg, $Ca(NO_3)_2= 162$ mg and $MgSO_4 = 73$ mg. The sample of lime available is 74% pure and soda is 90% pure. 20% excess chemicals have to be added. Calculate the amount lime and soda required for the treatment of 10000 liters of water. (June-2023)

Q.9) Explain the hot lime-soda process. What are its advantages? (June-2023)

Q.10) Write a note on ion-exchange process. (June-2023)

Q.11) Discuss the following terms: i) Blow down process ii) Carry over. (June-2024)

Q.12) What are sludge and scale in boilers? How are they formed? Suggest any two methods to prevent their formation. (June-2024)

Q.13) How is water softened by Ion exchange method? Explain in details with a neat diagram. (June-2024, Dec-2024, June-2025)

Q.14) What are boiler troubles? How are they caused? Suggest steps for minimizing the boiler troubles. (Dec-2024)

Q.15) A zeolite softener was 90% exhausted by removing the hardness completely when 10,000L of hard water sample passed through it. The exhausted zeolite bed required 200L of 3% NaCl solution for its complete regeneration. Calculate the hardness of water sample. (June-2025)

Q.16) What is Lime Soda process? Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening of 20,000 liters of water whose analysis is: $Ca(HCO_3)_2$ = 40.0 ppm; $Mg(HCO_3)_2$ = 36.5 ppm; $CaSO_4$ = 34.0 ppm; $MgSO_4$ = 30.0 ppm; $CaCl_2$ = 27.75 ppm. (June-2025)

Q.1) What is priming and foaming in boilers? How can they be prevented? (Predicted)

Q.2) Describe the Zeolite process for water softening including regeneration reactions and advantages/disadvantages. (Predicted)

Q.3) Explain the mechanism of scale formation in boilers. What are the disadvantages of scale formation? (Predicted)

Q.4) Calculate the quantity of lime (80% pure) and soda (90% pure) required for softening 50,000 liters of water containing standard impurities. (Predicted)

Q.5) Discuss the Ion Exchange process for demineralization of water. How are the resins regenerated? (Predicted)

Q.1) Write a note on lubricants with special reference to their (i) classification (ii) mode of action with examples and uses. (Nov-2022)

Q.2) What is Lubricant? With the help of neat diagrams, explain the following criteria of lubricants: i) Viscosity index ii) Flash and fire point. (Dec-2023, June-2023, June-2024, Dec-2024, June-2025)

Q.3) Describe the mechanism of lubrication that is applied to delicate instruments. (June-2023)

Q.4) Explain about aniline point and saponification Number. (June-2023, June-2025)

Q.5) The dynamic viscosity of lubricating oil used between shaft and sleeve is 10 poise. The diameter of the shaft, which rotates at 200 rpm, is 0.5 m. The sleeve length is 100 mm. Calculate the power lost if the thickness of oil film is 2 mm? (June-2023)

Q.6) Discuss following properties of lubricant. Giving their significance. i) Viscosity index ii) Pour point and cloud point. (June-2024, June-2025)

Q.7) Give short note on mechanism thick film of lubrication process. (Dec-2024)

Q.8) Write brief note on: Emulsification number. (Dec-2024)

Q.9) An oil sample under test has a Saybolt Universal Viscosity same as that of Standard Gulf oil (low viscosity standard) and Pennsylvanian oil (high viscosity standard) at 210°F. Their Saybolt Universal Viscosities at 100°F are 61, 758 and 420 seconds, respectively. Calculate viscosity index of the sample. (June-2025)

Q.10) What are the important properties that an efficient lubricant should possess? 1.5 gm of a lubricant oil dissolved in alcohol require 2.4 ml of 0.0125 N alcoholic KOH for neutralization. What is neutralization value of the lubricant? If an oil to be used in machinery should not have neutralization value greater than 8.0, is it safe to use the test sample as a lubricant in the machinery? (June-2025)

Q.1) What is meant by viscosity index? How is it determined? (Predicted)

Q.2) Explain the mechanism of Boundary Lubrication (Thin Film Lubrication). (Predicted)

Q.3) Define Flash Point and Fire Point. Describe the method to determine them using Pensky Marten's apparatus. (Predicted)

Q.4) Write short notes on: i) Steam Emulsification Number ii) Acid Number. (Predicted)

Q.5) Calculate the acid value of an oil sample if 5g of it required 2.5 ml of N/10 KOH for titration. (Predicted)

Q.1) What is the difference between free radical and ionic polymerization? (Nov-2022, June-2023, Dec-2024, June-2025)

Q.2) Write a note on preparation, properties and uses of: i) Bakelite ii) NYLON 6,6. (Nov-2022, Dec-2023, Dec-2024)

Q.3) Differentiate between Thermosetting polymers and Thermoplastic polymers. (Nov-2022, June-2025)

Q.4) Explain the preparation, properties and uses of Bakelite. (Dec-2023)

Q.5) Write a short note on synthetic rubber with a suitable example. (Dec-2023)

Q.6) Write brief note on: Urea-formaldehyde. (Dec-2023, June-2025)

Q.7) Write a short note on the following: i) Functionality ii) Free radical chain polymerization iii) Ionic polymerization. (June-2023)

Q.8) Write a note on preparation, properties and uses of the following: i) Phenol-formaldehyde resin ii) Buna-S. (June-2023)

Q.9) Illustrate free radical mechanism of polymer. (June-2024)

Q.10) Explain about Biodegradable polymers with suitable example. (June-2024)

Q.11) Write brief note on: Vulcanized rubber. (June-2024)

Q.12) What are polymers? Give their classification with examples. (Dec-2024)

Q.13) Write brief note on: Conducting polymers. (Dec-2024)

Q.14) Differentiate chain growth and step growth polymerization. (June-2025)

Q.15) Give preparation and application of PVC. (June-2025)

Q.1) Discuss the mechanism of Free Radical Polymerization with initiation, propagation, and termination steps. (Predicted)

Q.2) Write preparation, properties, and uses of Teflon (PTFE) and PMMA. (Predicted)

Q.3) Explain Vulcanization of Rubber. How does it improve the properties of raw rubber? (Predicted)

Q.4) What are biodegradable polymers? Explain with examples like PLA or PHB. (Predicted)

Q.5) Write the structure and preparation of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6:6. (Predicted)

Q.1) Differentiate between Galvanic series and Electrochemical series. (Nov-2022)

Q.2) Write brief note on: Phase diagram of single component systems. (Nov-2022, June-2024)

Q.3) What is meant by a phase diagram? Explain two-component system by taking Cu-Ag system as an example. (Dec-2023)

Q.4) Write brief note on: Triple point. (Dec-2023, June-2025)

Q.5) Describe the following with suitable examples: i) Chemical corrosion and Electro chemical corrosion ii) Phase diagram of one-component water system. (June-2023, June-2025)

Q.6) Write brief note on: Eutectic point. (June-2023)

Q.7) Explain water line corrosion and galvanic corrosion. (June-2024, Dec-2024)

Q.8) What is oxidation corrosion and how does it take place? Describe the mechanism of oxidation corrosion. (June-2024, Dec-2024)

Q.9) Define and explain the terms involved in the phase rule. Draw a neat labelled phase diagram of water system and explain the areas and curves in it. (June-2025)

Q.1) State Gibb's Phase Rule and explain the terms involved with examples. (Predicted)

Q.2) Discuss the mechanism of Electrochemical (Wet) Corrosion with hydrogen evolution and oxygen absorption. (Predicted)

Q.3) Explain the Phase Diagram of Binary Eutectic System (Cu-Ag) in detail. (Predicted)

Q.4) What is Pitting Corrosion and Stress Corrosion? Explain their mechanism. (Predicted)

Q.5) Suggest and explain methods for the prevention of corrosion (Cathodic Protection, Coatings). (Predicted)

Q.1) What is Spectroscopy? Describe the principle, instrumentation process of vibrational and rotational spectroscopy. (Nov-2022, June-2023)

Q.2) Explain about Lambert and beer's law. (Nov-2022, Dec-2023, June-2023)

Q.3) Write brief note on: i) Electronic transitions ii) Vibrational modes in IR spectroscopy. (Nov-2022)

Q.4) Define the following terms: i) Bathochromic shift ii) Hypsochromic shift iii) Hyperchromic shift iv) Chromophore. (Dec-2023)

Q.5) Describe about IR spectroscopy by giving principle, instrumentation and applications. (June-2024)

Q.6) Write brief note on: Electronic shifts. (June-2024)

Q.7) What is spectroscopy? Discuss about Ultra-violet spectroscopy principle, instrumentation and applications. (Dec-2024)

Q.8) How can a combination of UV and IR spectroscopy be used to determine the structure of an unknown organic compound? Illustrate with an example. (June-2025)

Q.9) What is Electronic spectroscopy? An unknown substance absorbs 40% of the light of wavelength 43.5 nm in a cell of 2 cm dimension when has a concentration of 20 $gL^{-1}$. Under the similar conditions, what percentage of light will be absorbed by a solution containing 40 $gL^{-1}$ of the same unknown substance? (June-2025)

Q.1) Explain the different types of electronic transitions involved in UV-Visible Spectroscopy. (Predicted)

Q.2) Discuss the principle of Rotational Spectroscopy for diatomic molecules. (Predicted)

Q.3) Explain the fundamental modes of vibrations in polyatomic molecules (Stretching & Bending) in IR Spectroscopy. (Predicted)

Q.4) Draw the block diagram of a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and explain the function of each component. (Predicted)

Q.5) Discuss the selection rules for Vibrational and Rotational spectroscopy. (Predicted)

Q.1) Write brief note on: Electro negativity. (Nov-2022, Dec-2023, June-2024, June-2025)

Q.2) How do you explain electro negativity, ionic sizes and electron affinity of s, p - block elements? (Dec-2023, June-2023)

Q.3) What is periodic Table? Write trends of following in a group and in a period giving suitable reason: i) Ionic size ii) Electro negativity iii) Electro affinity. (Dec-2023, June-2024)

Q.4) Write brief note on: Polarizability. (June-2023, June-2024, Dec-2024, June-2025)

Q.5) What is Periodic Table? Write trends of following in a group and in a period giving suitable reason: i) Electro negativity ii) Atomic size iii) Electron affinity. (June-2024)

Q.6) Write brief note on: Oxidation states. (June-2024, June-2025)

Q.7) Write short notes on Electro negativity variation in groups and periods. (Dec-2024)

Q.8) Explain about polarisability. (Dec-2024)

Q.9) Write brief note on: Atomic and Ionic sizes. (Dec-2024, June-2025)

Q.10) Write brief note on (Any two): i) Electron affinity ii) Effective Nuclear Charge iii) Aufbau rule. (June-2025)

Q.1) What is Effective Nuclear Charge? How does it vary in the periodic table? (Predicted)

Q.2) Explain the trends of Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity in the periodic table. (Predicted)

Q.3) Discuss the variation of s, p, d, and f orbital energies of atoms in the periodic table. (Predicted)

Q.4) Explain the concept of Polarizability and Fajan's Rules. (Predicted)

Q.5) Discuss the variation of Atomic and Ionic Radii across a period and down a group. (Predicted)